Page 6 - Azerbaijan State University of Economics

THE JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES: THEORY AND PRACTICE, V.79, # 1, 2022, pp. 4-19

Landmines, as one of the types of (EO), have an impact on economic development,
affecting agricultural land, water channels, roads, access to public spaces, and
utilities. From the perspective of economic reconstruction, the presence of landmines
leads to (destroying livestock, wildlife, and other environmental resources,
preventing the maximum use of agricultural lands, disrupting markets and
production, preventing tourism and investment, preventing the provision of
government services, imposing an obstacle to economic reconstruction, impeding the
reform of irrigation systems that allow restoring production, ... etc.) ]Bier, 2003 [.

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE (EO) IN IRAQ: AN OVERVIEW
Explosives is a substance or mixture of substances that, under external influences, is
capable of rapidly releasing energy in the form of gases and heat [IMAS 04.10, 2019].

The term [The term ‘Explosive Ordnance’ (EO) is interpreted as encompassing
mine action’s response to the following munitions: (Mines, Cluster Munitions,
Unexploded Ordnance, Abandoned Ordnance, Booby traps, other devices (as
defined by CCW APII), Improvised Explosive Devices Note: Improvised
Explosive Devices (IEDs) meeting the definition of mines, booby-traps or other
devices fall under the scope of mine action, when their clearance is undertaken for

humanitarian purposes and in areas where active hostilities have ceased] means any
substance containing at least one explosive substance (ES), or any other dangerous
substance for military use [Đurić, et al., 2020].

Due to the nature of its life cycle, which includes stages from production,
transportation, handling, storage and maintenance to end use or disposal and
destruction, (EO) is a defining element in relation to other physical assets [ĐURIĆ,
et al., 2018].

Thus, explosive ordnance is the process of translating ammunition into a state
where it can no longer perform the basic function for which it was designed
[Jeremić, 2012]. Removal of old or defective explosive ordnance has been a
growing problem of late, with complex physico-chemical processes taking place
over time, increasing the risk and likelihood of an unintended accident. Events of
this kind can be hazardous to human safety and the environment and can lead to
unintended consequences on a large scale [Finnveden, et al., 2008].

Explosive ordnance (EO) also poses a great danger as it represents a potential
source of chemical contamination to the environment, as it has been shown in
recent decades that the air, soil and water have been heavily polluted
(https://reliefweb.int/report/world/guide-explosive-ordnance-pollution-
environment) [Evans & Duncan, 2020].

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