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Sathish Kumar Murugan, Ganeshkumar D.Rede, Teena Lakshmi Baskaran, Prity Kumari,
Alina Cristina Nuta: Determinants of Solar Water Pumping System Adoption Among
Farmers: A Factor
Analysis Approach

as system reliability and access to support services are crucial. Issues like design

mismatches and limited maintenance infrastructure often deter adoption (Manimaran,
2025), and user satisfaction with system performance significantly affects continued
use (Bouaguel & Alsulimani, 2022). Government initiatives such as PM-KUSUM
have been instrumental. The scheme offers a subsidy of up to 60%; however, its
uptake in West Bengal remains low due to bureaucratic delays and a lack of localized
policy support (Anjanappa et al., 2023; Schuller, 2024). Aligning central schemes
with regional implementation frameworks could bolster success (Kumar M et al.,
2024). Social capital and community engagement also play a significant role. Trust in
local institutions and peer influence are crucial enablers (Irfan et al., 2021), as is
participatory design in successful SWPS projects (Asif et al., 2022). Emerging
technologies are poised to enhance adoption potential (Abban et al., 2025) (F. Nuta et
al., 2024; Tiwari et al., 2025). Integration of IoT for real-time monitoring (Sunny et
al., 2023), and AI-enhanced irrigation schedules using local meteorological data
(Ercan Oğuztürk et al., 2025; Kim & AlZubi, 2024), offer promising advancements.
The adoption of SWPS in West Bengal is contingent upon harmonizing economic
feasibility, institutional support, farmer training, and local engagement. Effective
implementation will depend on policy customization, robust service delivery, and
sustained awareness programs tailored to regional needs.

METHODOLOGY
Data
The aim of this study is to identify the factors that are responsible for the adoption of
SWPS among farmers in West Bengal. Several factors contribute to SWPS's adoption
worldwide. Identifying the factors behind the adoption of SWPS in a region-by-region
manner will help policymakers make informed decisions. In several areas of West
Bengal, 150 farmers have been interviewed to identify which of them have adopted
SWPS. In various regions of West Bengal, approximately 1,500 farmers were
identified as potential participants in this study through a preliminary analysis
conducted earlier. Simple random sample techniques were employed to collect the
data, and then the sample size was fixed based on the statistical test with a 95%
confidence level. A reliability test was conducted, which reduced the total of 24
variables into a subset of variables suitable for applying the factor analysis technique.
This factor analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS software. To extract the factor
from the six variables that remained after the reliability test, Principal Component
Analysis (PCA) with Varimax Rotation was performed. The factor with eigenvalues
greater than one was retained based on the scree plot and explained variance.

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